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<title>Design optimization</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Design optimization</span></span>

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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p><b>Design optimization</b> is an engineering design methodology using a mathematical formulation of a design problem to support selection of the optimal design among many alternatives. Design optimization involves the following stages:

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<ol><li><a href="Variable_(mathematics)" title="Variable (mathematics)">Variables</a>: Describe the design alternatives</li>

<li>Objective: Elected functional combination of variables (to be maximized or minimized)</li>

<li>Constraints: Combination of Variables expressed as equalities or inequalities that must be satisfied for any acceptable design alternative</li>

<li>Feasibility: Values for set of variables that satisfies all constraints and minimizes/maximizes Objective.</li></ol>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design_optimization_problem">Design optimization problem</h2></div>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Optimization_problem" title="Optimization problem">Optimization problem</a></div>

<p>The formal mathematical (<a href="Canonical_form" title="Canonical form">standard form</a>) statement of the design optimization problem is <sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}&{\operatorname {minimize} }&&f(x)\\&\operatorname {subject\;to} &&h_{i}(x)=0,\quad i=1,\dots ,m_{1}\\&&&g_{j}(x)\leq 0,\quad j=1,\dots ,m_{2}\\&\operatorname {and} &&x\in X\subseteq R^{n}\end{aligned}}}">

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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}&{\operatorname {minimize} }&&f(x)\\&\operatorname {subject\;to} &&h_{i}(x)=0,\quad i=1,\dots ,m_{1}\\&&&g_{j}(x)\leq 0,\quad j=1,\dots ,m_{2}\\&\operatorname {and} &&x\in X\subseteq R^{n}\end{aligned}}}</annotation>

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</math></span><img src="./9a3b86363f2ae8c76336f6a3e19a664b6ef465c3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -5.671ex; width:41.559ex; height:12.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}&{\operatorname {minimize} }&&f(x)\\&\operatorname {subject\;to} &&h_{i}(x)=0,\quad i=1,\dots ,m_{1}\\&&&g_{j}(x)\leq 0,\quad j=1,\dots ,m_{2}\\&\operatorname {and} &&x\in X\subseteq R^{n}\end{aligned}}}" loading="lazy"></span>

</p><p>where

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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x}</annotation>

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</math></span><img src="./87f9e315fd7e2ba406057a97300593c4802b53e4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x}" loading="lazy"></span> is a vector of <i>n</i> real-valued design variables <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x_{1},x_{2},...,x_{n}}">

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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x_{1},x_{2},...,x_{n}}</annotation>

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</math></span><img src="./67ba2d5eca79eb4f7088ba3bd32c1800779d038a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:13.52ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x_{1},x_{2},...,x_{n}}" loading="lazy"></span></li>

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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f(x)}</annotation>

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</math></span><img src="./202945cce41ecebb6f643f31d119c514bec7a074.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.418ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f(x)}" loading="lazy"></span> is the <b>objective function</b></li>

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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle h_{i}(x)}</annotation>

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</math></span><img src="./8a3787e58305d774791b394ed67b1690f8ec6e41.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.278ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle h_{i}(x)}" loading="lazy"></span> are <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m_{1}}">

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</math></span><img src="./31aafa60e48d39ccce922404c0b80340b2cc777a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.095ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m_{1}}" loading="lazy"></span><b>equality constraints</b></li>

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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle g_{j}(x)}</annotation>

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</math></span><img src="./e3367849e1b59d5d2b844361096070a90664b535.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:5.158ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle g_{j}(x)}" loading="lazy"></span> are <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m_{2}}">

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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m_{2}}</annotation>

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</math></span><img src="./0ecebe334d5cadc3ffcf245eb02919034d7a2ec8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.095ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m_{2}}" loading="lazy"></span> <b>inequality constraints</b></li>

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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X}</annotation>

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</math></span><img src="./68baa052181f707c662844a465bfeeb135e82bab.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.98ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X}" loading="lazy"></span> is a set constraint that includes additional restrictions on <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x}">

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<p>The problem formulation stated above is a convention called the <i>negative null form</i>, since all constraint function are expressed as equalities and negative inequalities with zero on the right-hand side. This convention is used so that numerical algorithms developed to solve design optimization problems can assume a standard expression of the mathematical problem.

</p><p>We can introduce the vector-valued functions

</p><p><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}&&&{h=(h_{1},h_{2},\dots ,h_{m1})}\\\operatorname {and} \\&&&{g=(g_{1},g_{2},\dots ,g_{m2})}\end{aligned}}}">

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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}&&&{h=(h_{1},h_{2},\dots ,h_{m1})}\\\operatorname {and} \\&&&{g=(g_{1},g_{2},\dots ,g_{m2})}\end{aligned}}}</annotation>

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</math></span><img src="./77c661b9d9b31eee8bc8ac54b3da317439d19b60.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -4.005ex; width:30.225ex; height:9.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}&&&{h=(h_{1},h_{2},\dots ,h_{m1})}\\\operatorname {and} \\&&&{g=(g_{1},g_{2},\dots ,g_{m2})}\end{aligned}}}" loading="lazy"></span> <i> </i>

</p><p>to rewrite the above statement in the compact expression

</p><p><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}&{\operatorname {minimize} }&&f(x)\\&\operatorname {subject\;to} &&h(x)=0,\quad g(x)\leq 0,\quad x\in X\subseteq R^{n}\\\end{aligned}}}">

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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}&{\operatorname {minimize} }&&f(x)\\&\operatorname {subject\;to} &&h(x)=0,\quad g(x)\leq 0,\quad x\in X\subseteq R^{n}\\\end{aligned}}}</annotation>

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</math></span><img src="./8cfe3cd038d6ba3aad9a5b09319a5095d9769f21.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:51.491ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}&{\operatorname {minimize} }&&f(x)\\&\operatorname {subject\;to} &&h(x)=0,\quad g(x)\leq 0,\quad x\in X\subseteq R^{n}\\\end{aligned}}}" loading="lazy"></span>

</p><p>We call <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle h,g}">

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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle h,g}</annotation>

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</math></span><img src="./187b6c97a690e0051017b21340593875eb5f1313.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.489ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle h,g}" loading="lazy"></span> the <i>set</i> or <i>system of</i> (<i>functional</i>) <i>constraints</i> and <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X}">

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Application">Application</h2></div>

<p>Design optimization applies the methods of <a href="Mathematical_optimization" title="Mathematical optimization">mathematical optimization</a> to design problem formulations and it is sometimes used interchangeably with the term <a href="Engineering_optimization" title="Engineering optimization">engineering optimization</a>. When the objective function <i>f</i> is a <a href="Vector-valued_function" title="Vector-valued function">vector</a> rather than a <a href="Scalar_field" title="Scalar field">scalar</a>, the problem becomes a <a href="Multi-objective_optimization" title="Multi-objective optimization">multi-objective optimization</a> one. If the design optimization problem has more than one mathematical solutions the methods of <a href="Global_optimization" title="Global optimization">global optimization</a> are used to identified the global optimum.

</p><p><b>Optimization Checklist</b> <sup id="cite_ref-pyp2017_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pyp2017-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<ul><li>Problem Identification</li>

<li>Initial Problem Statement</li>

<li>Analysis Models</li>

<li>Optimal Design Model</li>

<li>Model Transformation</li>

<li>Local Iterative Techniques</li>

<li>Global Verification</li>

<li>Final Review</li></ul>

<p>A detailed and rigorous description of the stages and practical applications with examples can be found in the book <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cambridge.org/gh/academic/subjects/engineering/control-systems-and-optimization/principles-optimal-design-modeling-and-computation-3rd-edition?format=HB&isbn=9781107132672#C3r6r6aLRe2bUoef.97">Principles of Optimal Design</a>.

</p><p>Practical design optimization problems are typically solved numerically and many optimization software exist in academic and commercial forms.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are several domain-specific applications of design optimization posing their own specific challenges in formulating and solving the resulting problems; these include, <a href="Shape_optimization" title="Shape optimization">shape optimization</a>, <a href="Wing-shape_optimization" title="Wing-shape optimization">wing-shape optimization</a>, <a href="Topology_optimization" title="Topology optimization">topology optimization</a>, <a href="Architectural_design_optimization" title="Architectural design optimization">architectural design optimization</a>, <a href="Power_optimization_(EDA)" title="Power optimization (EDA)">power optimization</a>. Several books, articles and journal publications are listed below for reference.

</p><p>One modern application of design optimization is structural design optimization (SDO) is in building and construction sector. SDO emphasizes automating and optimizing structural designs and dimensions to satisfy a variety of performance objectives. These advancements aim to optimize the configuration and dimensions of structures to optimize augmenting strength, minimize material usage, reduce costs, enhance energy efficiency, improve sustainability, and optimize several other performance criteria. Concurrently, structural design automation endeavors to streamline the design process, mitigate human errors, and enhance productivity through computer-based tools and optimization algorithms. Prominent practices and technologies in this domain include the parametric design, generative design, building information modelling (BIM) technology, machine learning (ML), and artificial intelligence (AI), as well as integrating finite element analysis (FEA) with simulation tools.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Journals">Journals</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://manufacturingscience.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/issue.aspx?journalid=125&issueid=27495">Journal of Engineering for Industry</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mechanicaldesign.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/journal.aspx">Journal of Mechanical Design</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mechanicaldesign.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/issue.aspx?journalid=126&issueid=28068">Journal of Mechanisms, Transmissions, and Automation in Design</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/design-science">Design Science</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/toc/geno20/current">Engineering Optimization</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/toc/cjen20/current">Journal of Engineering Design</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.journals.elsevier.com/computer-aided-design/">Computer-Aided Design</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.springer.com/mathematics/journal/10957">Journal of Optimization Theory and Applications</a></li>

<li><a href="Structural_and_Multidisciplinary_Optimization" title="Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization">Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization</a></li>

<li><a href="Journal_of_Product_Innovation_Management" title="Journal of Product Innovation Management">Journal of Product Innovation Management</a></li>

<li><a href="International_Journal_of_Research_in_Marketing" title="International Journal of Research in Marketing">International Journal of Research in Marketing</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wiki.ece.cmu.edu/ddl/index.php/Main_Page">Design Decisions Wiki (DDWiki)</a> : Established by the Design Decisions Laboratory at Carnegie Mellon University in 2006 as a central resource for sharing information and tools to analyze and support decision-making</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFMartinsNing2021" class="citation book cs1">Martins, Joaquim R. R. A.; Ning, Andrew (2021-10-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://flowlab.groups.et.byu.net/mdobook.pdf"><i>Engineering Design Optimization</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1108833417</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-pyp2017-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pyp2017_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pyp2017_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPapalambrosWilde2017" class="citation book cs1">Papalambros, Panos Y.; Wilde, Douglass J. (2017-01-31). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://principlesofoptimaldesign.org/"><i>Principles of Optimal Design: Modeling and Computation</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9781316867457</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBoydBoydCalifornia)Vandenberghe2004" class="citation book cs1">Boyd, Stephen; Boyd, Stephen P.; California), Stephen (Stanford University Boyd; Vandenberghe, Lieven; Angeles), Lieven (University of California Vandenberghe, Los (2004-03-08). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.stanford.edu/~boyd/cvxbook/bv_cvxbook.pdf"><i>Convex Optimization</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780521833783</bdi>.</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{cite book}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)</span></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMessac2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Achille_Messac" title="Achille Messac">Messac, Achille</a> (2015-03-19). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wy5hBwAAQBAJ&q=design+optimization+with+matlab+achille+messac&pg=PR17"><i>Optimization in Practice with MATLAB®: For Engineering Students and Professionals</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9781316381373</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Towards BIM-Based Sustainable Structural Design Optimization: A Systematic Review and Industry Perspective. Sustainability 2023, 15, 15117. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.3390/su152015117">https://doi.org/10.3390/su152015117</a></span>

</li>

</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li>Rutherford., Aris, ([2016], ©1961). <i>The optimal design of chemical reactors : a study in dynamic programming</i>. Saint Louis: Academic Press/Elsevier Science. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9781483221434</bdi>. <a href="OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> 952932441</li>

<li>Jerome., Bracken, ([1968]). <i>Selected applications of nonlinear programming</i>. McCormick, Garth P.,. New York,: Wiley. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0471094404</bdi>. <a href="OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> 174465</li>

<li>L., Fox, Richard ([1971]). <i>Optimization methods for engineering design</i>. Reading, Mass.,: Addison-Wesley Pub. Co. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0201020785</bdi>. <a href="OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> 150744</li>

<li>Johnson, Ray C. Mechanical Design Synthesis With Optimization Applications. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co, 1971.</li>

<li>1905-, Zener, Clarence, ([1971]). <i>Engineering design by geometric programming</i>. New York,: Wiley-Interscience. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0471982008</bdi>. <a href="OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> 197022</li>

<li>H., Mickle, Marlin ([1972]). <i>Optimization in systems engineering</i>. Sze, T. W., 1921-2017,. Scranton,: Intext Educational Publishers. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0700224076</bdi>. <a href="OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> 340906.</li>

<li>Optimization and design; [papers]. Avriel, M.,, Rijckaert, M. J.,, Wilde, Douglass J.,, NATO Science Committee., Katholieke Universiteit te Leuven (1970- ). Englewood Cliffs, N.J.,: Prentice-Hall. [1973]. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0136380158</bdi>. OCLC 618414.</li>

<li>J., Wilde, Douglass (1978). <i>Globally optimal design</i>. New York: Wiley. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0471038989</bdi>. <a href="OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> 3707693.</li>

<li>J., Haug, Edward (1979). <i>Applied optimal design : mechanical and structural systems</i>. Arora, Jasbir S.,. New York: Wiley. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>047104170X</bdi>. <a href="OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> 4775674.</li>

<li>Uri., Kirsch, (1981). <i>Optimum structural design : concepts, methods, and applications</i>. New York: McGraw-Hill. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0070348448</bdi>. <a href="OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> 6735289.</li>

<li>Uri., Kirsch, (1993). <i>Structural optimization : fundamentals and applications</i>. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>3540559191</bdi>. <a href="OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> 27676129.</li>

<li><i>Structural optimization : recent developments and applications</i>. Lev, Ovadia E., American Society of Civil Engineers. Structural Division., American Society of Civil Engineers. Structural Division. Committee on Electronic Computation. Committee on Optimization. New York, N.Y.: ASCE. 1981. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0872622819</bdi>. <a href="OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> 8182361.</li>

<li><i>Foundations of structural optimization : a unified approach</i>. Morris, A. J. Chichester [West Sussex]: Wiley. 1982. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0471102008</bdi>. <a href="OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> 8031383.</li>

<li>N., Siddall, James (1982). <i>Optimal engineering design : principles and applications</i>. New York: M. Dekker. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0824716337</bdi>. <a href="OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> 8389250.</li>

<li>1944-, Ravindran, A., (2006). <i>Engineering optimization : methods and applications</i>. Reklaitis, G. V., 1942-, Ragsdell, K. M. (2nd ed.). Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0471558141</bdi>. <a href="OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> 61463772.</li>

<li>N.,, Vanderplaats, Garret (1984). <i>Numerical optimization techniques for engineering design : with applications</i>. New York: McGraw-Hill. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0070669643</bdi>. <a href="OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> 9785595.</li>

<li>T., Haftka, Raphael (1990). <i>Elements of Structural Optimization</i>. Gürdal, Zafer., Kamat, Manohar P. (Second rev. edition ed.). Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9789401578622</bdi>. <a href="OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> 851381183.</li>

<li>S., Arora, Jasbir (2011). <i>Introduction to optimum design</i> (3rd ed.). Boston, MA: Academic Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780123813756</bdi>. <a href="OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> 760173076.</li>

<li>S.,, Janna, William. <i>Design of fluid thermal systems</i> (SI edition ; fourth edition ed.). Stamford, Connecticut. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9781285859651</bdi>. <a href="OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> 881509017.</li>

<li><i>Structural optimization : status and promise</i>. Kamat, Manohar P. Washington, DC: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. 1993. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>156347056X</bdi>. <a href="OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> 27918651.</li>

<li><i>Mathematical programming for industrial engineers</i>. Avriel, M., Golany, B. New York: Marcel Dekker. 1996. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0824796209</bdi>. <a href="OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> 34474279.</li>

<li>Hans., Eschenauer, (1997). <i>Applied structural mechanics : fundamentals of elasticity, load-bearing structures, structural optimization : including exercises</i>. Olhoff, Niels., Schnell, W. Berlin: Springer. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>3540612327</bdi>. <a href="OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> 35184040.</li>

<li>1956-, Belegundu, Ashok D., (2011). <i>Optimization concepts and applications in engineering</i>. Chandrupatla, Tirupathi R., 1944- (2nd ed.). New York: Cambridge University Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9781139037808</bdi>. <a href="OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> 746750296.</li>

<li>Okechi., Onwubiko, Chinyere (2000). <i>Introduction to engineering design optimization</i>. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0201476738</bdi>. <a href="OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> 41368373.</li>

<li><i>Optimization in action : proceedings of the Conference on Optimization in Action held at the University of Bristol in January 1975</i>. Dixon, L. C. W. (Laurence Charles Ward), 1935-, Institute of Mathematics and Its Applications. London: Academic Press. 1976. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0122185501</bdi>. <a href="OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> 2715969.</li>

<li>P., Williams, H. (2013). <i>Model building in mathematical programming</i> (5th ed.). Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9781118506189</bdi>. <a href="OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> 810039791.</li>

<li><i>Integrated design of multiscale, multifunctional materials and products</i>. McDowell, David L., 1956-. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. 2010. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9781856176620</bdi>. <a href="OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> 610001448.</li>

<li>M.,, Dede, Ercan. <i>Multiphysics simulation : electromechanical system applications and optimization</i>. Lee, Jaewook,, Nomura, Tsuyoshi,. London. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9781447156406</bdi>. <a href="OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> 881071474.</li>

<li>1962-, Liu, G. P. (Guo Ping), (2001). <i>Multiobjective optimisation and control</i>. Yang, Jian-Bo, 1961-, Whidborne, J. F. (James Ferris), 1960-. Baldock, Hertfordshire: Research Studies Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0585491941</bdi>. <a href="OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> 54380075.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Structural_Topology_Optimization">Structural Topology Optimization</h3></div>

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<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFBendsøeKikuchi1988" class="citation journal cs1">Bendsøe, Martin Philip; Kikuchi, Noboru (1988-11-01). "Generating optimal topologies in structural design using a homogenization method". <i>Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering</i>. <b>71</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">197–</span>224. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0045-7825%2888%2990086-2">10.1016/0045-7825(88)90086-2</a>. <a href="Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42%2F27079">2027.42/27079</a></span>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0045-7825">0045-7825</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFBendsøe1995" class="citation book cs1">Bendsøe, Martin P. (1995). <i>Optimization of structural topology, shape, and material</i>. Springer. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>3540590579</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFBehrooz1999" class="citation book cs1">Behrooz, Hassani (1999). <i>Homogenization and Structural Topology Optimization : Theory, Practice and Software</i>. Springer. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9781447108917</bdi>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/853262659">853262659</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFBendsøeSigmund2013" class="citation book cs1">Bendsøe, Martin P.; Sigmund, O. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZCjsCAAAQBAJ&pg=PR1"><i>Topology optimization : theory, methods, and applications</i></a> (2nd ed.). Springer. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9783662050866</bdi>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/50448149">50448149</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFRozvanyLewiński2014" class="citation book cs1">Rozvany, G.I.N.; Lewiński, T., eds. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B8HHBAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1"><i>Topology optimization in structural and continuum mechanics</i></a>. Springer. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9783709116432</bdi>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/859524179">859524179</a>.</cite></li></ul>

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<ul><li><a href="Advertising" title="Advertising">Advertising</a></li>

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<li><a href="Exhibit_design" title="Exhibit design">Exhibit design</a></li>

<li><a href="Film_title_design" title="Film title design">Film title design</a></li>

<li><a href="Graphic_design" title="Graphic design">Graphic design</a>

<ul><li><a href="Motion_graphic_design" title="Motion graphic design">Motion</a></li>

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<li><a href="Retail_design" title="Retail design">Retail design</a></li>

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<ul><li><a href="Sustainable_landscape_architecture" title="Sustainable landscape architecture">Sustainable</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Landscape_design" title="Landscape design">Landscape design</a></li>

<li><a href="Spatial_design" title="Spatial design">Spatial design</a></li>

<li><a href="Urban_design" title="Urban design">Urban design</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Industrial_design" title="Industrial design">Industrial<br>design</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Automotive_design" title="Automotive design">Automotive design</a></li>

<li><a href="Automotive_suspension_design_process" title="Automotive suspension design process">Automotive suspension design</a></li>

<li><a href="CMF_design" title="CMF design">CMF design</a></li>

<li><a href="Corrugated_box_design" title="Corrugated box design">Corrugated box design</a></li>

<li><a href="Electric_guitar_design" title="Electric guitar design">Electric guitar design</a></li>

<li><a href="Furniture" title="Furniture">Furniture design</a>

<ul><li><a href="Sustainable_furniture_design" title="Sustainable furniture design">Sustainable</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Hardware_interface_design" title="Hardware interface design">Hardware interface design</a></li>

<li><a href="Motorcycle_design" title="Motorcycle design">Motorcycle design</a></li>

<li><a href="Packaging_and_labeling" class="mw-redirect" title="Packaging and labeling">Packaging and labeling</a></li>

<li><a href="Photographic_lens_design" title="Photographic lens design">Photographic lens design</a></li>

<li><a href="Product_design" title="Product design">Product design</a></li>

<li><a href="Production_designer" title="Production designer">Production design</a></li>

<li><a href="Sensory_design" title="Sensory design">Sensory design</a></li>

<li><a href="Service_design" title="Service design">Service design</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Interaction_design" title="Interaction design">Interaction<br>design</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Experience_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Experience design">Experience design</a>

<li><a href="Game_design" title="Game design">Game design</a>

<ul><li><a href="Level_(video_games)" title="Level (video games)">Level design</a></li>

<li><a href="Video_game_design" title="Video game design">Video game design</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Hardware_interface_design" title="Hardware interface design">Hardware interface design</a></li>

<li><a href="Icon_design" title="Icon design">Icon design</a></li>

<li><a href="Immersive_design" title="Immersive design">Immersive design</a></li>

<li><a href="Information_design" title="Information design">Information design</a></li>

<li><a href="Interactive_design" title="Interactive design">Interactive design</a></li>

<li><a href="Sonic_interaction_design" title="Sonic interaction design">Sonic interaction design</a></li>

<li><a href="User_experience_design" title="User experience design">User experience design</a></li>

<li><a href="User_interface_design" title="User interface design">User interface design</a></li>

<li><a href="Web_design" title="Web design">Web design</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other<br><a href="Applied_arts" title="Applied arts">applied arts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Public_art" title="Public art">Public art design</a></li>

<li><a href="Ceramic_art" title="Ceramic art">Ceramic</a> / <a href="Glass_art" title="Glass art">glass design</a></li>

<li><a href="Fashion_design" title="Fashion design">Fashion design</a>

<ul><li><a href="Costume_design" title="Costume design">Costume design</a></li>

<li><a href="Jewellery_design" title="Jewellery design">Jewellery design</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Floral_design" title="Floral design">Floral design</a></li>

<li><a href="Game_art_design" title="Game art design">Game art design</a></li>

<li><a href="Property_designer" class="mw-redirect" title="Property designer">Property design</a></li>

<li><a href="Scenic_design" title="Scenic design">Scenic design</a></li>

<li><a href="Sound_design" title="Sound design">Sound design</a></li>

<li><a href="Lighting_design" title="Lighting design">Stage/set lighting design</a></li>

<li><a href="Textile_design" title="Textile design">Textile design</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other<br>design<br>& <a href="Engineering" title="Engineering">engineering</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Algorithm_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Algorithm design">Algorithm design</a></li>

<li><a href="Behavioural_design" title="Behavioural design">Behavioural design</a></li>

<li><a href="Boiler_design" title="Boiler design">Boiler design</a></li>

<li><a href="Database_design" title="Database design">Database design</a></li>

<li><a href="Drug_design" title="Drug design">Drug design</a></li>

<li><a href="Electrical_system_design" title="Electrical system design">Electrical system design</a></li>

<li><a href="Design_of_experiments" title="Design of experiments">Experimental design</a></li>

<li><a href="Filter_design" title="Filter design">Filter design</a></li>

<li><a href="Geometric_design" title="Geometric design">Geometric design</a></li>

<li><a href="Work_design" title="Work design">Work design</a></li>

<li><a href="Integrated_circuit_design" title="Integrated circuit design">Integrated circuit design</a>

<ul><li><a href="Circuit_design" title="Circuit design">Circuit design</a></li>

<li><a href="Physical_design_(electronics)" title="Physical design (electronics)">Physical design</a></li>

<li><a href="Power_network_design_(IC)" title="Power network design (IC)">Power network design</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Mechanism_design" title="Mechanism design">Mechanism design</a></li>

<li><a href="Nuclear_weapon_design" title="Nuclear weapon design">Nuclear weapon design</a></li>

<li><a href="Nucleic_acid_design" title="Nucleic acid design">Nucleic acid design</a></li>

<li><a href="Organizational_architecture" title="Organizational architecture">Organization design</a></li>

<li><a href="Process_design" title="Process design">Process design</a></li>

<li><a href="Processor_design" title="Processor design">Processor design</a></li>

<li><a href="Protein_design" title="Protein design">Protein design</a></li>

<li><a href="Research_design" title="Research design">Research design</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_design" title="Social design">Social design</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_design" title="Software design">Software design</a></li>

<li><a href="Spacecraft_design" title="Spacecraft design">Spacecraft design</a></li>

<li><a href="Strategic_design" title="Strategic design">Strategic design</a></li>

<li><a href="Systems_design" title="Systems design">Systems design</a></li>

<li><a href="Test_design" title="Test design">Test design</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Approaches56" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Approaches</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Active_design" title="Active design">Active</a></li>

<li><a href="Activity-centered_design" title="Activity-centered design">Activity-centered</a></li>

<li><a href="Adaptive_web_design" title="Adaptive web design">Adaptive web</a></li>

<li><a href="Affective_design" title="Affective design">Affective</a></li>

<li><a href="Brainstorming" title="Brainstorming">Brainstorming</a></li>

<li><a href="Design_by_committee" title="Design by committee">By committee</a></li>

<li><a href="Design_by_contract" title="Design by contract">By contract</a></li>

<li><a href="C-K_theory" title="C-K theory">C-K theory</a></li>

<li><a href="Design_closure" title="Design closure">Closure</a></li>

<li><a href="Configuration_design" title="Configuration design">Configuration</a></li>

<li><a href="Contextual_design" title="Contextual design">Contextual</a></li>

<li><a href="Continuous_design" title="Continuous design">Continuous</a></li>

<li><a href="Cradle-to-cradle_design" title="Cradle-to-cradle design">Cradle-to-cradle</a></li>

<li><a href="Creative_problem-solving" title="Creative problem-solving">Creative problem-solving</a></li>

<li><a href="Creativity_techniques" title="Creativity techniques">Creativity techniques</a></li>

<li><a href="Critical_design" title="Critical design">Critical</a>

<ul><li><a href="Design_fiction" title="Design fiction">Design fiction</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Defensive_design" title="Defensive design">Defensive</a></li>

<li><a href="Design%E2%80%93bid%E2%80%93build" title="Design–bid–build">Design–bid–build</a></li>

<li><a href="Design%E2%80%93build" title="Design–build">Design–build</a>

<ul><li><a href="Architect-led_design%E2%80%93build" class="mw-redirect" title="Architect-led design–build">architect-led</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Diffuse_design" title="Diffuse design">Diffuse</a></li>

<li><a href="Domain-driven_design" title="Domain-driven design">Domain-driven</a></li>

<li><a href="Ecological_design" title="Ecological design">Ecological design</a></li>

<li><a href="Energy_neutral_design" title="Energy neutral design">Energy neutral</a></li>

<li><a href="Engineering_design_process" title="Engineering design process">Engineering design process</a>

<ul><li><a href="Probabilistic_design" title="Probabilistic design">Probabilistic design</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Ergonomic_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Ergonomic design">Ergonomic</a></li>

<li><a href="Error-tolerant_design" title="Error-tolerant design">Error-tolerant</a></li>

<li><a href="Evidence-based_design" title="Evidence-based design">Evidence-based</a></li>

<li><a href="Fault-tolerant_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Fault-tolerant design">Fault-tolerant</a></li>

<li><a href="Feminist_design" title="Feminist design">Feminist</a></li>

<li><a href="Design_for_assembly" title="Design for assembly">For assembly</a></li>

<li><a href="Behavioural_design" title="Behavioural design">For behaviour change</a></li>

<li><a href="Design_for_manufacturability" title="Design for manufacturability">For manufacturability</a></li>

<li><a href="Design_for_Six_Sigma" title="Design for Six Sigma">For Six Sigma</a></li>

<li><a href="Design_for_testing" title="Design for testing">For testing</a></li>

<li><a href="Design_for_the_environment" title="Design for the environment">For the environment</a></li>

<li><a href="Framework-oriented_design" title="Framework-oriented design">Framework-oriented</a></li>

<li><a href="Functional_design" title="Functional design">Functional</a></li>

<li><a href="Generative_design" title="Generative design">Generative</a></li>

<li><a href="Geodesign" title="Geodesign">Geodesign</a></li>

<li><a href="High-level_design" title="High-level design">High-level</a></li>

<li><a href="Hostile_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Hostile design">Hostile</a></li>

<li><a href="Inclusive_design" title="Inclusive design">Inclusive</a></li>

<li><a href="Integrated_design" title="Integrated design">Integrated</a></li>

<li><a href="Integrated_topside_design" title="Integrated topside design">Integrated topside</a></li>

<li><a href="Intelligence-based_design" title="Intelligence-based design">Intelligence-based</a></li>

<li><a href="Iterative_design" title="Iterative design">Iterative</a></li>

<li><a href="KISS_principle" title="KISS principle">KISS principle</a></li>

<li><a href="Low-level_design" title="Low-level design">Low-level</a></li>

<li><a href="Metadesign" title="Metadesign">Metadesign</a></li>

<li><a href="Mind_map" title="Mind map">Mind mapping</a></li>

<li><a href="Modular_design" title="Modular design">Modular</a></li>

<li><a href="Object-oriented_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Object-oriented design">Object-oriented</a></li>

<li><a href="Parametric_design" title="Parametric design">Parametric</a></li>

<li><a href="Participatory_design" title="Participatory design">Participatory</a></li>

<li><a href="Platform-based_design" title="Platform-based design">Platform-based</a></li>

<li><a href="Policy-based_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Policy-based design">Policy-based</a></li>

<li><a href="Prevention_through_design" title="Prevention through design">Prevention through</a></li>

<li><a href="Process-centered_design" title="Process-centered design">Process-centered</a></li>

<li><a href="Public_interest_design" title="Public interest design">Public interest</a>

<ul><li><a href="Opinion_poll" title="Opinion poll">Opinion poll</a></li>

<li><a href="Public_opinion" title="Public opinion">Public opinion</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Rational_design" title="Rational design">Rational</a></li>

<li><a href="Regenerative_design" title="Regenerative design">Regenerative</a></li>

<li><a href="Reliability_engineering" title="Reliability engineering">Reliability engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Research-based_design" title="Research-based design">Research-based</a></li>

<li><a href="Responsibility-driven_design" title="Responsibility-driven design">Responsibility-driven</a></li>

<li><a href="Speculative_design" title="Speculative design">Speculative</a></li>

<li><a href="Sustainable_design" title="Sustainable design">Sustainable</a></li>

<li><a href="Systemic_design" title="Systemic design">Systemic</a>

<li><a href="Tableless_web_design" title="Tableless web design">Tableless web</a></li>

<li><a href="Theory_of_constraints" title="Theory of constraints">Theory of constraints</a></li>

<li><a href="Top-down_and_bottom-up_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Top-down and bottom-up design">Top-down and bottom-up</a></li>

<li><a href="Transformation_design" title="Transformation design">Transformation</a></li>

<li><a href="Transgenerational_design" title="Transgenerational design">Transgenerational</a></li>

<li><a href="Universal_design" title="Universal design">Universal</a>

<ul><li><a href="Design_for_All_(in_ICT)" title="Design for All (in ICT)">Design for All</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Usage-centered_design" title="Usage-centered design">Usage-centered</a></li>

<li><a href="Use-centered_design" title="Use-centered design">Use-centered</a></li>

<li><a href="User-centered_design" title="User-centered design">User-centered</a>

<ul><li><a href="Empathic_design" title="Empathic design">Empathic</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="User_innovation" title="User innovation">User innovation</a></li>

<li><a href="Value-driven_design" title="Value-driven design">Value-driven</a></li>

<li><a href="Value_sensitive_design" title="Value sensitive design">Value sensitive</a>

<ul><li><a href="Privacy_by_design" title="Privacy by design">Privacy by</a></li>

<li><a href="Quality_by_design" title="Quality by design">Quality by</a></li>

<li><a href="Secure_by_design" title="Secure by design">Secure by</a></li></ul></li></ul>

<ul><li>Design <a href="Design_choice" title="Design choice">choice</a></li>

<li><a href="Design_computing" title="Design computing">computing</a></li>

<li><a href="Design_controls" title="Design controls">controls</a></li>

<li><a href="Design_culture" title="Design culture">culture</a></li>

<li><a href="Design_justice" class="mw-redirect" title="Design justice">justice</a></li>

<li><a href="Design_leadership" title="Design leadership">leadership</a></li>

<li><a href="Design_management" title="Design management">management</a></li>

<li><a href="Design_marker" title="Design marker">marker</a></li>

<li><a href="Design_methods" title="Design methods">methods</a></li>

<li><a href="Design_pattern" title="Design pattern">pattern</a></li>

<li><a href="Design_research" title="Design research">research</a></li>

<li><a href="Design_science" title="Design science">science</a></li>

<li><a href="Design_sprint" title="Design sprint">sprint</a></li>

<li><a href="Design_strategy" class="mw-redirect" title="Design strategy">strategy</a></li>

<li><a href="Design_theory" title="Design theory">theory</a></li>

<li><a href="Design_thinking" title="Design thinking">thinking</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="ToolsIntellectual_propertyOrganizationsAwards56" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Tools</li><li>Intellectual property</li><li>Organizations</li><li>Awards</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Design_tool" title="Design tool">Tools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Architectural_model" title="Architectural model">Architectural model</a></li>

<li><a href="Blueprint" title="Blueprint">Blueprint</a></li>

<li><a href="Comprehensive_layout" title="Comprehensive layout">Comprehensive layout</a></li>

<li><a href="Virtual_home_design_software" title="Virtual home design software">Virtual home design software</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Computer-automated_design" title="Computer-automated design">CAutoD</a></li>

<li><a href="Design_quality_indicator" title="Design quality indicator">Design quality indicator</a></li>

<li><a href="Electronic_design_automation" title="Electronic design automation">Electronic design automation</a></li>

<li><a href="Flowchart" title="Flowchart">Flowchart</a></li>

<li><a href="Mockup" title="Mockup">Mockup</a></li>

<li><a href="Design_specification" title="Design specification">Design specification</a></li>

<li><a href="Design_system" title="Design system">Design system</a></li>

<li><a href="Prototype" title="Prototype">Prototype</a></li>

<li><a href="Sketch_(drawing)" title="Sketch (drawing)">Sketch</a></li>

<li><a href="Storyboard" title="Storyboard">Storyboard</a></li>

<li><a href="Technical_drawing" title="Technical drawing">Technical drawing</a></li>

<li><a href="HTML_editor" title="HTML editor">HTML editor</a></li>

<li><a href="Website_wireframe" title="Website wireframe">Website wireframe</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Intellectual<br>property</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Clean-room_design" title="Clean-room design">Clean-room design</a></li>

<li><a href="Community_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Community design">Community design</a></li>

<li><a href="Design_around" title="Design around">Design around</a></li>

<li><a href="Design_infringement" title="Design infringement">Design infringement</a></li>

<li><a href="Design_patent" title="Design patent">Design patent</a></li>

<li><a href="Fashion_design_copyright" title="Fashion design copyright">Fashion design copyright</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Geschmacksmuster" title="Geschmacksmuster">Geschmacksmuster</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Industrial_design_right" title="Industrial design right">Industrial design rights</a>

<ul><li><a href="Industrial_design_rights_in_the_European_Union" title="Industrial design rights in the European Union">European Union</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="American_Institute_of_Graphic_Arts" title="American Institute of Graphic Arts">American Institute of Graphic Arts</a></li>

<li><a href="Chartered_Society_of_Designers" title="Chartered Society of Designers">Chartered Society of Designers</a></li>

<li><a href="Design_and_Industries_Association" title="Design and Industries Association">Design and Industries Association</a></li>

<li><a href="Design_Council" title="Design Council">Design Council</a></li>

<li><a href="International_Forum_Design" title="International Forum Design">International Forum Design</a></li>

<li><a href="Design_Research_Society" title="Design Research Society">Design Research Society</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Awards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="European_Design_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="European Design Award">European Design Award</a></li>

<li><a href="German_Design_Award" title="German Design Award">German Design Award</a></li>

<li><a href="Good_Design_Award_(Museum_of_Modern_Art)" title="Good Design Award (Museum of Modern Art)">Good Design Award (Museum of Modern Art)</a></li>

<li><a href="Good_Design_Award_(Chicago_Athenaeum)" class="mw-redirect" title="Good Design Award (Chicago Athenaeum)">Good Design Award (Chicago Athenaeum)</a></li>

<li><a href="Graphex" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphex">Graphex</a></li>

<li><a href="IF_Product_Design_Award" title="IF Product Design Award">IF Product Design Award</a></li>

<li><a href="James_Dyson_Award" title="James Dyson Award">James Dyson Award</a></li>

<li><a href="Prince_Philip_Designers_Prize" title="Prince Philip Designers Prize">Prince Philip Designers Prize</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Related_topics56" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Related topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Agile_software_development" title="Agile software development">Agile</a></li>

<li><a href="Concept_art" title="Concept art">Concept art</a></li>

<li><a href="Conceptual_design" title="Conceptual design">Conceptual design</a></li>

<li><a href="Creative_industries" title="Creative industries">Creative industries</a></li>

<li><a href="Cultural_icon" title="Cultural icon">Cultural icon</a></li>

<li><a href=".design" title=".design">.design</a></li>

<li><a href="Dominant_design" title="Dominant design">Dominant design</a></li>

<li><a href="Enterprise_architecture" title="Enterprise architecture">Enterprise architecture</a></li>

<li><a href="Form_factor_(design)" title="Form factor (design)">Form factor</a></li>

<li><a href="Futures_studies" title="Futures studies">Futures studies</a></li>

<li><a href="Indie_design" title="Indie design">Indie design</a></li>

<li><a href="Innovation_management" title="Innovation management">Innovation management</a></li>

<li><a href="Intelligent_design" title="Intelligent design">Intelligent design</a></li>

<li><a href="Lean_startup" title="Lean startup">Lean startup</a></li>

<li><a href="New_product_development" title="New product development">New product development</a></li>

<li><a href="Philosophy_of_design" title="Philosophy of design">Philosophy of design</a></li>

<li><a href="Process_simulation" title="Process simulation">Process simulation</a></li>

<li><a href="Reference_design" title="Reference design">Reference design</a></li>

<li><a href="Slow_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Slow design">Slow design</a></li>

<li><a href="STEAM_fields" class="mw-redirect" title="STEAM fields">STEAM fields</a></li>

<li><a href="Argument_from_poor_design" title="Argument from poor design">Unintelligent design</a></li>

<li><a href="Visualization_(graphics)" title="Visualization (graphics)">Visualization</a></li>

<li><a href="Wicked_problem" title="Wicked problem">Wicked problem</a></li></ul>

<ul><li>Design <a href="List_of_system_quality_attributes" title="List of system quality attributes">attributes</a></li>

<li><a href="Design_brief" title="Design brief">brief</a></li>

<li><a href="Design_change" title="Design change">change</a></li>

<li><a href="Design_classic" title="Design classic">classic</a></li>

<li><a href="Design_competition" title="Design competition">competition</a>

<ul><li><a href="Architectural_design_competition" title="Architectural design competition">architectural</a></li>

<li><a href="Student_design_competition" title="Student design competition">student</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Design_director" title="Design director">director</a></li>

<li><a href="Design_education" title="Design education">education</a></li>

<li><a href="Design_elements" title="Design elements">elements</a></li>

<li><a href="Design_engineer" title="Design engineer">engineer</a></li>

<li><a href="Design_history" title="Design history">history</a></li>

<li><a href="Design_knowledge" title="Design knowledge">knowledge</a></li>

<li><a href="Design_language" title="Design language">language</a></li>

<li><a href="Design_museum" title="Design museum">museum</a></li>

<li><a href="Design_paradigm" title="Design paradigm">paradigm</a></li>

<li><a href="Design_principles" title="Design principles">principles</a></li>

<li><a href="Design_rationale" title="Design rationale">rationale</a></li>

<li><a href="Design_review" title="Design review">review</a></li>

<li><a href="Design_specification" title="Design specification">specification</a></li>

<li><a href="Design_studies" title="Design studies">studies</a></li>

<li><a href="Design_studio" class="mw-redirect" title="Design studio">studio</a></li>

<li><a href="Design_technology" title="Design technology">technology</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2023-12-30" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Design_optimization&oldid=1192553594">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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